However, during the first 3 to 6 months after transplantation, a sufficient specific immune system response to vaccination cannot be expected [259]. Prophylactic treatment of anti-HBc-positive patients without any viral load during the first months after allo-HCT is optional since no data are published in this patient population (CIII). A prospective study of the Japan Hematology and Oncology Clinical Study Group. Antibiotic prophylaxis (e.g. As a consequence, patients should receive acyclovir early on for the prevention of disease to reduce mortality (AI) [138–141] (Table 3). Tomblyn M, Chiller T, Einsele H, Gress R, Sepkowitz K, Storek J, et al. Bone Marrow Transplant 36(10):879–883, Tuan IZ, Dennison D, Weisdorf DJ (1992) Pneumocystis carinii pneumonitis following bone marrow transplantation. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 13(6):707–714, Lau GK et al (2002) Preemptive use of lamivudine reduces hepatitis B exacerbation after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation. Clin Infect Dis 55(7):905–914, Shono Y et al (2016) Increased GVHD-related mortality with broad-spectrum antibiotic use after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in human patients and mice. Protection against vaccine-preventable infections should be a part of the post-transplantation medical care management. Acta Oncol 53(9):1212–1220, Juergens C et al. Introduction. Older studies have demonstrated prevention of infection, interstitial pneumonia (IP), or GVHD [223, 224]. The duration of prophylaxis should last for up to 30 days after allo-HCT (AI) [139, 141]. PubMed Central  The currently largest cohort of IFDs shows an 8 % share of mucormycosis in all IFDs in allo-HCT, followed by a number of other rare mould infections [94]. If exposed, passive immunization has been discussed controversially even in non-transplant patients. Horby P, Shen Lim W, Emberson J, et al. Depending on different factors such as pre- and post-transplant treatment, age, type of transplantation, or presence of chronic GVHD, recovery of the immune system is delayed [259]. HIV-infected patients should be carefully evaluated for allo-HCT. Clin Transplant 17(5):438–443, Ljungman P et al (1989) Efficacy and safety of vaccination of marrow transplant recipients with a live attenuated measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine. Beigel JH, Tomashek KM, Dodd LE, et al. Monitor for calcineurin inhibitor-associated toxicities. Am J Hematol 88(7):550–555, Meerbach A et al (2008) Monitoring of Epstein-Barr virus load after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for early intervention in post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease. Curr Opin Infect Dis 27(4):309–315, Versluis J et al (2013) Hepatitis E virus: an underestimated opportunistic pathogen in recipients of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. 6, 97080, Würzburg, Germany, Andrew J. Ullmann, Werner J. Heinz & Hermann Einsele, Clinic for Hematology, Oncology und Tumor Immunology, Helios Clinic Berlin-Buch, Berlin, Germany, Department of Hematology/Oncology, University of Freiburg Medical Center, 79106, Freiburg, Germany, Medical Clinic I, Klinikum Frankfurt (Oder), Frankfurt (Oder), Germany, Haematology and Oncology, Stem Cell Transplantation, Palliative Care, University Hospital Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, Medizinische Klinik III, Palliativmedizin und interdisziplinäre Onkologie, St. Josefs-Hospital Wiesbaden, Wiesbaden, Germany, Sindelfingen-Böblingen Clinical Centre, Medical Department I, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Klinikverbund Südwest, Sindelfingen, Germany, Medical Oncology, AMO MVZ, Wolfsburg, Germany, Hematology, Oncology and Tumorimmunology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Berlin, Germany, Department of Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany, Department I of Internal Medicine, German Centre for Infection Research, Partner-site: Bonn-Cologne, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany, Department of Hematology, Oncology and Palliative Care, Klinikum Ernst von Bergmann, Potsdam, Germany, You can also search for this author in Lancet 2(8506):555–558, Onozawa M et al (2008) HB vaccination in the prevention of viral reactivation in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation recipients with previous HBV infection. (2010) One-year low-dose valacyclovir as prophylaxis for varicella zoster virus disease after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.

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